TCM Nutrition - Five Element Theory | Chinese Medicine Theory

Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory

TCM Nutrition - Five Element Theory - TCM Theory

The eastern medical theory of the five elements provides a framework which aids one in making food choices that will be most beneficial to a person at a given time. To understand how the theory relates to nutrition, one must first understand the basic categorizations of the five elements.

Essentially, there are five elements, or factors, which have an inter-relationship which must be kept in balance. The Five Elements are: Fire, Earth, Metal, Water and Wood. The chart below describes some of the common categorizations which fall under each element:

	FIRE	EARTH	METAL	WATER	WOOD
Yin Organs	HT & PC	SP	LU	KD	LV
Yang Organs	SI & TH	ST	LI	UB	GB
Sense Organs	Tongue	Mouth	Nose	Ears	Eyes
Colors	red	yellow	white	blue/black	green
Sounds	Laughing	Singing	Crying	Groaning	Shouting
Emotions	Joy	Worry or Pensiveness	Grief or Sadness	Fear	Anger
Seasons	Summer	Late Summer	Autumn	Winter	Spring
Environment	Heat	Dampness	Dryness	Cold	Wind
Tastes	Bitter	Sweet	Pungent	Salty	Sour

While the entire chart is helpful as a diagnostic and treatment tool, it is the "tastes", "seasons" and "environment" correlations which have the strongest relationship with nutrition. Before discussing how food fits into the theory, it is important to understand how the elements relate to one another.

There are two main relationships which you must be familiar with to understand the application of the five element theory. First is the Mother-Son relationship (also known as the sheng, generation, production or creation cycle) and the Grandparent-Grandchild relationship (also known as the ke, ko or control cycle).

These are presented below:

promotion cycle
control cycle

The Generating Cycle shows that Fire, for example, helps support Earth and the Control Cycle shows that Fire controls the growth of Metal. To understand how this might be applied, take a person experiencing problems with asthma. Asthma is a Metal (Lung) condition sometimes with an underlying psychological component of grief or sadness. From a TCM perspective, Asthma may present as a phlegm-damp condition. Following the five element theory, then, we see that the Earth (Spleen) may be weak (phlegm-damp coming from poor digestion, etc.) and not supporting Metal (Lung) resulting in an Asthmatic condition.

Above is just an example to show how the theory is applied, we will continue with this example as we incorporate food into the five element theory. The chart below describes some of the common foods which serve to nourish their respective element:

	FIRE (bitter)	EARTH (sweet)	METAL (pungent)	WATER (salty)	WOOD (sour)
Grains	Amaranth Corn	Millet Barley	Rice	Buckwheat	Oats Wheat Rye
Legumes	Red Lentil	Garbanzo Peas	Navy Soy	Aduki Black Kidney Pinto	Green Lentil Mung Lima
Nuts/Seeds	Sunflower Pistachio	Pine Nut Pumpkin	Almonds	Black Sesame Walnut	Brazil Cashew
Vegetables	Beet Dandelion Root Okra Red Bell Pepper Scallion Tomato	Cabbage Carrot Parsnip Rutabaga Spinach Squash	Asparagus Broccoli Celery Cucumber Mustard Green Onion Radish	Kale Mushrooms Seaweeds Water chestnut	Green Bell Pepper Green Pea Lettuce String Bean Zucchini
Fruits	Cherry Persimmon	Fig Orange Papaya Pineapple Strawberry	Apricot Banana Pear	Mulberry Pomegranate Raspberry Watermelon	Avocado Grape Lemon Lime Plum
Cautions	Chocolate Sugar	Meat	Eggs	Cheese	Soft Dairy

Using the above chart and our previous example of Phlegm-Damp type Asthma, the five element theory would suggest that we would want to eat foods which strengthen the Metal (Lung), Earth (Spleen) and Fire (Heart) Elements. From the chart we would choose a majority of our foods from the Metal grouping and an ample selection from both the Earth and Fire categorizations until our condition changes. An example of food choices, with functions from Paul Pitchford's "Healing With Whole Foods: Asian Traditions and Modern Nutrition", would be:

Brown Rice - increases qi, strengthens spleen
Navy Beans - sweet flavor, benefits the lungs and spleen (both aspects of the metal element)
Almonds - relieve stagnant qi of the lungs, transform phlegm
Mustard Greens - influence lungs, clear chest congestion, improve energy circulation
Onions - resolves phlegm and inflammations of the upper respiratory system
Radish - transforms phlegm
Pear - affects the lungs, eliminates phlegm
Avoid - dairy (which may add mucus/phlegm), meat (which may weaken the spleen) and sweeteners (which may weaken the spleen and contribute to dampness)

In general and lacking the in-depth discussion from Paul Pitchford's text and others, for example, it is most important to eat foods which follow the basic tastes which correspond to the element that you are trying to strengthen and avoid foods which weaken it. In this case you would want to eat foods which fall into the pungent, sweet and bitter categories and avoid foods which aggravate these elements - sugar, meat and eggs.

While the information presented here is intended to provide you with the basic theory, it is important to note that there are different food groupings which come not only from differing opinions but also complexities within the theory that leave a particular food open to interpretation. Other factors which influence the grouping of a food and your food choices are:

Therapeutic Actions:
Bitter (Fire) foods are generally cooling (yin) and encourage contraction and the descending of energy
Sweet (Earth) foods are generally strengthening (yang) and encourage energy to expand upward and outward
Pungent (Metal) foods are generally warming (yang) and encourage energy to expand and move outward
Salty (Water) foods are generally cooling (yin) and encourage energy to move in and down
Sour (Wood) foods are generally cooling (yin) and encourage energy to contract and collect
Temperature - Within each categorization foods have differing temperature qualities which, while generally good for that element, may not be used during certain seasons or conditions. For example, if you had a common cold (Metal, Lung) condition you would decrease your intake of some of the foods which are generally cooling within the Metal element such as the fruits.
Season - The current season will also play a role in which foods you may choose to eat. In the summer (fire, hot) we require more cooling foods and in the winter (water, cold) we require more warming, deeply nourishing foods.

These factors along with the categorizations are worked into a persons diagnosis and general constitution to establish food groupings which overall help to strengthen the individual. The rest of an individuals preferences such as eating organically grown foods or not, choosing to eat animal foods or not, etc. can then be factored in to decide your final food choices.